China today Essay Example for Free

China today Essay China today would not miss the inquisitive recognition of an observative eye. Ranging from the political, economical and social, China has moved from some of its early concepts, thoughts, philosophies and forms of ruling. Today, much more influence from the outside world has had major impact on the outlook of the modern Chinese people and their culture. To talk about China without reflecting about their ancient culture and the dynasties would be to do a great injustice to the Chinese people. Although, the concern of this essay is to look at individualism, thus it would be not possible not to generally mention the emperors ruling and the culture which has dominated China since 221 BCE. The Chinese society was largely an agricultural settled society that was propagated by the Confucius thought. Many of those who have written the history of China have at instances tried to compartmentalize it into culture, politics and society. This loses the value of their study since being a Chinese before the eighteenth and nineteenth century involved culturalism as opposed to nationalism. These are a people who largely had a shared identity and collective rituals. Confucius ideas, self development, among others and negative attitude to profit making had an impact and an expression of individualism. Culturalism impeded the growth of the state because it emphasized on ones ties to the family, region or city. In other words China was fragile due to ethnic nationalism which made it a very unstable state especially under the poke of other countries. The ethnic nationalism was responsible for the revolution of the 1911 because of anti Manchurian Han oriented ideas that they, Manchuria courts were not in a position to defend the Chinese people. It is at the twentieth century that China was faced by threats from Western and Japanese capitalism and imperialism. Therefore it had to define its position on the national stage and set itself a much a country to be consulted in matters of the world (Wang, pp ix 211). The importance of the individualistic view in the Confucianism tradition helped to set China in preparation of later developments and changing realities that could not allow it to retain the empire style. Thus, it is by the negation of Confucius ideas that led to the rise of new culture thus the birth of state nationalism. Closely following this era is the period of Chairman Mao who was an ardent socialist. During his time era, from 1949 it was considered behaving like a bourgeoisie when one showed interests in self. China was a collectivist state that suppressed the individual desires advocating for the society’s plight. The changes in China today are as a result of the government outlook reforms of the 1980’s. Mostly the youth in China mirror more of the Western culture more than the older generation thus sometimes causing conflict between the two groups. The Western culture has brought individualistic thought and perspectives that even in education politics and all other parts of the society reflect an outlook of self. In education as an example most the parents are urging the sons and daughters to pursue high paying courses for the sole purpose of personal better placement. Post Mao China has overcome the collective notions of the society to emphasis on individualism. No longer will you see workers donning the same color or style clothes (Robert, para 8, 9 10). The fact that the modern Chinese society was formed on the foundations of the West does not mean that the Confucius thought completely was exterminated. The power of the community is still in force as Wei-ming Tu puts it, that there is group solidarity which is involved decision making through consensus can d conflict resolutions. There is no distinction between personal and public lives of the people. The classical outlook of the family by the Confucius thought still forms as the major connection of politics education capitalism and social lives. This has the implications of a sense of duty responsibility obligation relationship independence and autonomy. Thus, in the wake of being the best person through self respect and dignity such a person does not fall short of having the role of taking care of his fellow neighbor family community state and the state. This is seen as the modern psychological approach to the new China in the fact that if one is found falling less of this, then you loose your place in the public hence a sense of personal guilt. It is therefore evident that the Chinese value collective individualistic aspects for the betterment of the society (Tu, pp 7, 8, 9 10). Bibliography: Robert L. , M. Ethnology: Generation KU: individualism and Chinas millennial youth, 22nd September 2005. Retrieved from http://goliath. ecnext. com/coms2/gi_0199-5616321/Generation-KU-individualism-and-China. html#readmore on 25th April 2009 Tu, W. Confucian Traditions in East Asian Modernity: Moral Education and Economic Culture in Japan and the Four Mini-Dragons. ISBN 0674160878, 9780674160873, Harvard University Press, 1996. Wang, K. Modern China: An Encyclopedia of History, Culture, and Nationalism. ISBN 0815307209, 9780815307204, Published by Taylor Francis, 1998.

Professional, Ethical and Legal issues in nursing Essay -- Health Care

According to American Nurses Association (ANA), (2010) â€Å"the nurse promotes, advocates for and strives to protect the heath, safety and right of the patient† (p. 6). Nursing responsibilities should be acted at the highest standard and must be based on legal and ethical obligations. Healthcare provider’s perception and judgment in the patient’s well being as well as taking into account the right of the patient in every action is one of the key elements in nursing practice. International Council of Nurses (ICN), (2006) states â€Å"The nurse at all times maintains standards of personal conduct which reflect well on the profession and enhance public confidence† (p. 3). Furthermore, nursing action guided by theory and principles of moral and legal rights complements excellent nursing care. Nurse’s awareness in moral and legal codes helps them control the complicated scenario encountered and direct the nurses in the best possible action answerable by law (Lachman, 2006). In this essay the author will rationalize the relevance of professional, ethical and legal regulations in the practice of nursing. The author will discuss and analyze the chosen scenario and critically review the action taken in the expense of the patient and the care workers. In addition, the author will also evaluates the strength and limitations of the scenario in a broader issue with reasonable judgement supported by theories and principles of ethical and legal standards. In accordance with Nursing and Midwifery Council (NMC), (2008) all identifiable details have been changed in accordance with (NMC, 2010). The author as a healthcare assistant working in the nursing home will present a scenario of Mrs. Keller (not her real name) who is confined in the dementia u... ...r investigation and then devise a plan for best possible action recognizing the rights of the patient and its benefits followed by the application of the chosen intervention with positive outcome in mind (Wells, 2007). Delivery of excellent and quality of care at constant level (NMC, 2008) must be marked in any responsibilities and duties of the care provider to promote exceptional nursing practice Codes of nursing ethics and legal legislation have addressed almost all the necessary action in making decision in consideration to the best interest of the patient. Nurses must make sure that they are all guided by the set standard to lead their action and produced desirable and ethically sound outcome. However, it is realistic to acknowledge that there are some instances that moral act contradict legal act, in this case, the principle of prima facie can be applied.

Mentally and Physically Abusive Relationships Essay

Why People Stay in Mentally/Physically Abusive Relationships It has long been wondered by many people, why there are so many who stay in mentally/physically abusive relationships. I have designed a study to find out address the reasons and the average amount of women by social and educational and by age group. With this study I will design, I will be using quantitative variables. Quantitative analysis is mathematical (Passer, 2014). In psychology it typically involves using statistics to aid in summarizing and interpreting data. I will use various scales that will rate or measure severity of the abuse, how long the person has been in been in the relationship, how many children the person has, if these are all of the partners or spouses children, check educational status and also if they plan to leave or stay in the relationship, on what level they are with how they feel about leaving or staying. I will have scales with age ranges and income status. I will also have questionnaires allowing the subject to pick from multiple choice answers which will as such questions as, the severity of the abuse, whether it is mental or physical abuse or both, and multiple choice questions to choose from as to their reason for not leaving. Example of this: I have not left the current relationship that I am in for one of the following reasons. Please circle all that apply 1. I am afraid to leave 2. I have nowhere to go 3. I have children involved and don’t want to leave 4. I still love this person and don’t want to leave 5. I feel that a lot of the abuse if my fault These are just some examples of the questions that may be asked. In this study it is very much my desire to give others an idea the average amount of women and men who endure abuse and reasons for leaving or staying. Ethical issues that could arise would deal with getting too deep into a person’s personal life and doing some things that could cause for the person to endure more physical and or mental abuse. The main thing would be to make sure that no one who is helping with this study gets too close personally to a subject, thereby getting involved in the subject’s persona life. My goal with this study is to adhere and conform to the five ethical principles. I will make sure that all involved in this study are concerned with the welfare of each person participating in the study. I will make sure that all who are involved in the study understand their responsibility as professional and only conduct themselves in a professional manner. This also means making sure they don’t uphold a colleague who may be demonstrating unethical conduct. I will make sure that each study subject knows; at all times what is going on and the no one mislead them, concerning the study, in any way. I will make sure that there is no bias in is no bias in this study and that all study subjects are being treated fairly. It will be my main goal to make sure that all participants are treated with dignity and respect, which also includes their right to privacy and confidentiality. No person will leave this study feeling that they should not have participated. There are several studies concerning abuse and why people stay, but most of this deal with women in abusive relationships such as Rick Nauert, PhD, who wrote about why women stay in abusive relationships. Researchers discovered that many who live with chronic psychological abuse still see certain positive traits in their abusers — such as dependability and being affectionate — which may partly explain why they stay (Nuaert, 2010). There are however, studies as to why men stay in abusive relationships also and many of them have their reasons for not leaving. There are many kinds of abuse that a man can experience, including physical, emotional, financial, sexual and spiritual abuse (Casimong, 2014). In closing, it is my goal in this study to obtain information from people of all ages, ethnic backgrounds, and financial statuses, whether they are male or female. People from all walks of life suffer abuse and although it may  occur more in some areas, it occurs regardless of financial status, educational background or whether a person is male or female and at all ages. Reference Passer, Michael. Research Methods. Worth Publishers, 05/2014. VitalBook file. Rick Nauert, PhD. Why Women Stay in Abusive Relationships. 13 April 2010. . Rick Nauert, PhD. Why Women Stay in Abusive Relationships. 13 April 2010. .

Who Were the Aryans Hitlers Persistent Mythology

One of the most interesting puzzles in archaeology—and one that hasnt been completely solved yet—concerns the story of the supposed Aryan invasion of the Indian subcontinent. The tale goes like this: The Aryans were one of the tribes of Indo-European-speaking, horse-riding nomads living in the arid steppes of Eurasia. Aryan Myth: Key Takeaways The Aryan myth says that Indias Vedic Manuscripts, and the Hindu civilization that wrote them, were constructed by Indo-European-speaking, horse-riding nomads who invaded and conquered the Indus Valley civilizations.Although some nomads may have made it onto the Indian subcontinent, there is no evidence of a conquering, and plenty of evidence that the Vedic manuscripts were home-grown developments in India.Adolf Hitler co-opted and subverted the idea, arguing that the people who invaded India were Nordic and supposedly the ancestors of the Nazis.  If an invasion took place at all, it was by Asian—not Nordic—people.   Sometime around 1700 BCE, the Aryans invaded the ancient urban civilizations of the Indus Valley and destroyed their culture. These Indus Valley civilizations (also known as Harappa or Sarasvati) were far more civilized than any other horse-back nomad, with a written language, farming capabilities, and a truly urban existence. Some 1,200 years after the supposed invasion, the descendants of the Aryans, so they say, wrote the classic Indian literature called the Vedas, the oldest scriptures in Hinduism. Adolf Hitler and the Aryan/Dravidian Myth Adolf Hitler twisted the theories of archaeologist Gustaf Kossinna (1858–1931) to put forward the Aryans as a master race of Indo-Europeans, who were supposed to be Nordic in appearance and directly ancestral to the Germans. These Nordic invaders were defined as directly opposite to native South Asian peoples, called Dravidians, who were supposed to have been darker-skinned. The problem is, most, if not all, of this story isnt true. Aryans as a cultural group, invasion from the arid steppes, Nordic appearance, the Indus Civilization being destroyed, and, certainly not least, the Germans being descended from them—its all fiction. The Aryan Myth and Historical Archaeology In a 2014 article in Modern Intellectual History, American historian David Allen Harvey provides a summary of the growth and development of the Aryan myth. Harveys research suggests that the ideas of the invasion grew out of the work of the 18th-century French polymath Jean-Sylvain Bailly (1736–1793). Bailly was one of the scientists of the European Enlightenment who struggled to deal with the growing mound of evidence at odds with the biblical creation myth, and Harvey sees the Aryan myth as an outgrowth of that struggle. During the 19th century, many European missionaries and imperialists traveled the world seeking conquests and converts. One country which saw a great deal of this kind of exploration was India (including what is now Pakistan). Some of the missionaries were also antiquarians by avocation, and one such fellow was the French missionary Abbà © Dubois (1770–1848). His manuscript on Indian culture makes for some unusual reading today; he tried to fit in what he understood of Noah and the Great Flood with what he was reading in the great literature of India. It was not a good fit, but he did describe Indian civilization at the time  and provided some pretty bad translations of the literature. In her 2018 book Claiming India, historian Jyoti Mohan also argues that it was the French who first claimed to be Aryan before the Germans co-opted that concept. Dubois work was translated into English by the British East India Company in 1897 and featured a laudatory preface by German archaeologist Friedrich Max Mà ¼ller. It was this text that formed the basis of the Aryan invasion story—not the Vedic manuscripts themselves. Scholars had long noted the similarities between Sanskrit—the ancient language in which the classical Vedic texts are written—and other Latin-based languages such as French and Italian. And when the first excavations at the large Indus Valley site of Mohenjo Daro were completed in the early 20th century, it was recognized as a truly advanced civilization—a civilization not mentioned in the Vedic manuscripts. Some circles considered this ample evidence that an invasion of people related to the peoples of Europe had occurred, destroying the earlier civilization and creating the second great civilization of India. Flawed Arguments and Recent Investigations There are serious problems with this argument. First, there are no references to an invasion in the Vedic manuscripts, and the Sanskrit word aryas means noble, not a superior cultural group. Second, recent archaeological findings suggest that the Indus civilization was shut down by droughts combined with a devastating flood, and there is no evidence of massive violent confrontations. Findings also show that many of the so-called Indus River valley peoples lived in the Sarasvati River, which is mentioned in the Vedic manuscripts as a homeland. Thus, there is no biological or archaeological evidence of a massive invasion of people of a different race. The most recent studies concerning the Aryan/Dravidian myth include language studies, which have attempted to decipher and discover the origins of the Indus script and Vedic manuscripts to determine the origins of the Sanskrit in which it was written. Racism in Science, Shown Through the Aryan Myth Born from a colonial mentality and corrupted by a Nazi propaganda machine, the Aryan invasion theory is finally undergoing radical reassessment by South Asian archaeologists and their colleagues. The Indus Valleys cultural history is an ancient and complex one. Only time and research will teach us if an Indo-European invasion really did take place; prehistoric contact from the so-called Steppe Society groups in central Asia is not out of the question, but it seems clear that a collapse of the Indus civilization did not occur as a result. It is all too common for the efforts of modern archaeology and history to be used to support specific partisan ideologies and agendas, and it doesnt usually matter what the archaeologist themselves say. Whenever archaeological studies are funded by state agencies, there is a risk that the work itself may be designed to meet political ends. Even when excavations are not paid for by the state, archaeological evidence can be used to justify all kinds of racist behavior. The Aryan myth is a truly hideous example of that, but not the only one by a long shot. Sources Arvidsson, Stefan. Aryan Idols: Indo-European Mythology as Ideology and Science. Trans. Wichmann, Sonia. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2006. Print.Figueira, Dorothy M. Aryans, Jews, Brahmins: Theorizing Authority. Albany: SUNY Press, 2002. Print.through Myths of IdentityGermana, Nicholas A. The Orient of Europe:  The Mythical Image of India and Competing Images of German National Identity. Newcastle: Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2009. Print.Guha, Sudeshna. Negotiating Evidence: History, Archaeology and the Indus Civilisation. Modern Asian Studies 39.02 (2005): 399-426. Print.Harvey, David Allen. The Lost Caucasian Civilization: Jean-Sylvain Bailly and the Roots of the Aryan Myth. Modern Intellectual History 11.02 (2014): 279-306. Print.Kenoyer, Jonathan Mark. Cultures and Societies of the Indus Tradition. Historical Roots in the Making of the Aryan. Ed. Thapar, R. New Delhi: National Book  Trust, 2006. Print.Kovtun, I. V. Horse-Headed† Staffs and the Cult of the H orse Head in Northwestern Asia in the 2nd Millennium BC. Archaeology, Ethnology, and Anthropology of Eurasia 40.4 (2012): 95-105. Print.Laruelle, Marlene. The Return of the Aryan Myth: Tajikistan in Search of a Secularized National Ideology. Nationalities Papers 35.1 (2007): 51-70. Print.Mohan, Jyoti. Claiming India: French Scholars and the Preoccupation with India in the Nineteenth Century. Sage Publishing, 2018. Print.Sahoo, Sanghamitra, et al. A Prehistory of Indian Y Chromosomes: Evaluating Demic Diffusion Scenarios. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 103.4 (2006): 843-48. Print.